What causes it? Amidst all the possible causes mentioned, nobody mentioned one of the biggest causes: detonation.
Dowels can certainly help by way of improving structural integrity, as can other bolt-ons, etc. But main cap walk is more-so the cap lifting off the block, and the caps already have registers machined into the block for proper alignment so the dowels are not the best answer...just an improvment of sorts. Due to the primary physical action of cap walk (lifting)...is why there are splayed outer bolts and cross-bolted mains. They are the best upgrades.
Ultimately, the best way to prevent main cap is to maintain a motor at optimum tune and not use componentry beyond its means.
LO